Operational Planning Coursework 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operational Planning Coursework 1 - Essay Example The situation where executive protection is needed: The situation for which security arrangement is required is the visit by one of a renowned author from the US to Peshawar in Pakistan, which has recently undergone severe security problems and has been labeled as a terrorist country. The author is a renowned dignitary and, thus, has an executive status. Therefore, he requires executive protection. â€Å"Executive protection is an approach, using common sense, awareness, personnel, procedures, systems and advanced technology to protect an individual or group of people. Executive protection is not a confrontation driven program, but rather an anticipated and projected response to an unavoidable situation. Stopping an attack, avoid confrontation and keeping the principal out of danger and harm’s way is the task of the executive protection officer† (Hunsicker, 2007, P.160). Even though Pakistan is known as a country which cherishes literature and poetry, and has a large nu mber of renowned authors and poets in the country, the recent terrorist activities require that executive protection should be provided to the author. Here, the client is a VIP as he is a well known personality. Therefore, he requires executive protection. ... The task of providing security begins from the New York Airport, from where the author begins his trip to Pakistan on March 1 2011 and last till March 5, 2011. The executive protection service needs to be maintained till the March 6, 2011 when the author is out of the New York airport at 8 am in the morning. Pakistan has the record of terrorists targeting foreign dignitaries’ and, therefore, executive protection is mandatory for the author who visits from the US. All expenses for the executive protection will be paid by the client himself and the author’s circle that he runs. Therefore, the security advisor’s role is imperative and it is very important to prepare an operational plan in order to execute the task in an organized manner. The task of providing executive protection needs careful planning and meticulous operation. This operational planning calls for an appropriate integration of manpower, equipments and carefully designed guidelines for execution. Defi nition of the Operational Plan: The operational plan is a portrayal of the mission, vision and goals of a task or an organization. In brief, the operational plan should have clear and well defined objectives of the task. The activities which are necessary to accomplish the task must be mentioned in detail. The operation plan contains the resources needed in order to complete the task like the manpower and other resources needed to complete the task. The operational plan also needs to analyze the risk involved in the successful completion of a task. Such a plan is the most important element of a business plan. It is also a strategic plan which explains to the reader in what steps, using what resources, the estimated

Japanese Tea House Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Japanese Tea House Architecture - Research Paper Example One would think that, with the profound implication of the tea ceremonies, that the tea houses would be elaborate. Actually, just the opposite is true – the houses are austere, simple. The features of the houses afford a way for the guests to hide from the outside world. This is because, as the opening sentence stated, they house another world, another reality. After all, the participants in the house, noblemen, peasant, warrior alike, are all equal. This is indicative of an alternate reality. Also, the ceremonies are a way for the people to leave their real life behind, and concentrate only on the moment. The tea house thus serves the same function as the tea ceremonies themselves – they are a way, if only for a few hours, to destroy class structure and the real world. Tea ceremonies came about through the practice of Buddhist Monks who needed to stay awake during their meditations, and later became a part of Zen rituals in honor of Bodhidharma, the Zen monks first patriarch.1 From this, the tea ceremonies became a place where friends gathered to discuss certain objects and their artistic merits, such as various paintings and calligraphy, flower arrangements and the utensils used for these ceremonies. 2 The tea host himself had to be adept at certain knowledge, such as what scrolls to hang during the ceremony, and the meaning of these scrolls, which presumed knowledge of classical literature.3 He also must have been conversant about the articles that are either displayed or used in the tea ceremony: utensils, the flowers, the distinction of the burning incense, the incense burner itself, the dipping ladle, the water heater vessel and the tea container. 4 He must have known the protocol of the ceremony – greeting and conversing with guests p roperly and the manners and courtesies that must be observed. In short, the tea host, or tea master, must have been cognizant of Japanese culture, as these ceremonies

Sale of Goods Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sale of Goods Contracts - Essay Example Money is the commonly used consideration in exchange of goods world over as the medium upon which the price of commodities is set after negotiations by the parties involved. Sale of goods contracts do not necessarily require formal documentation for them to be binding. The parties can make contracts expressly by word of mouth, put in writing, partly in writing and partly by word of mouth or the parties can imply them in their conduct. Under the sale of goods contract, the price of goods is determined through several ways including; a joint decision by the parties, adoption of a course reached under the contract, have a fixed price in the contract or have the buyer incur a rational cost for the goods. The goods in question can be either existent or prospect goods that the seller will obtain or produce after entering the sale contract. The buyer may also determine specific details in the goods before completing the sale, or may not give the specific details in the event of general good s or in cases where the goods are a part of already determined goods (Jennifer & Donald, 2007:136).  The capacity to enter into a sale contract in most legal systems across the globe depends on the prevailing rules pertaining to the capability of the buyer to bear liability for their actions. The seller has to be conscious of the age of the buyer, their mental sanity and sobriety at the time of sale in order to ensure that they are legally liable for their actions.    Although the sale contract must not be in writing for it to be binding, it is prudent that the it be in writing in order to avert any cases of vagueness and changes in the terms of sale agreed upon. Issues such as delays in delivery, changes in market prices, changes in the quality of goods agreed, the need to return goods owing to alteration in descriptions or whether the goods can be returned can only be effectively resolved if there is a written agreement upon which reference can be made (Sally, 2004:34). Such c ontracts put in writing may include such aspects of implied terms as: 1. The right of the seller to offer the goods for sale and that they are not subject to any security interests and that the buyer can quietly enjoy the goods. 2. In the event of sales made based on description, the good have to adhere to the descriptions or according to samples agreed upon by the parties. 3. The quality of the goods is satisfactory as agreed unless the buyer gets a notice of any alterations prior to completing the sale. 4. The seller will maintain the fitness of the goods at a reasonable level for the purpose implied or expressed by the buyer. Legal systems in the United Kingdom, like in most of other European countries, recognise both the expressly stated and implied sale contracts, although it gives more credit to the written agreements over the oral contracts. For the written contracts, both parties have to append their signatures on the contract in order for them to be legally binding. General ly, such contracts are final although there can be modification to the original contract if the buyer and the seller come to an agreement to that effect. In the event that any of the parties disagrees, the sale pact should remain as it was in the commencement of the

Airline Reservation System Essay Example for Free

Airline Reservation System Essay Airlines search results are presented in an easy-to-use Matrix that displays a vast array of travel options for you. When customers prefer a specific travel itinerary, they offer the widest range of flight options and fares. Users privacy is very important to us at Arabian Travels. With that in mind, we have established and implemented information handling practices for that we believe are consistent with the highest standards and best practices of organizations doing business. SEA Airlines have prepared a detailed privacy policy because they believe users should know as much as possible about our practices so that they can make an informed decision about the extent of our firm. 1. 2ABOUT THE PROJECT SEA Airlines is a site, which helps the flight travelers. Its mission is to offer flexible leisure travelers a quick and easy way to get better deals on airline tickets. Through partnerships with leading travel companies, it can negotiate special prices that cant be found anywhere else. The working of the project is as follows. The first page provides several links. The Home link contains several informations about the site; it provides a link to the login page. In the Login link a user have to login before ordering for tickets. An already registered user can simply type in -hisher valid username and password, and then click the Login button. But those visitors who are not registered have to go to the registration page before they login. In that page user have to enter First name, Last name, Address, Postal Code, City, Phone number, Username and password. About Us Link contains some information regarding SEA Airlines and its developers. After registration user can reserve the seats in particular flights by using the flights date and time. The user can enter the number of seats required and the details of the passengers by specifying adult or child.

Bradstreets An Author to Her Book :: essays papers

Bradstreets An Author to Her Book It is hard to sympathize with someone when you have no idea where they are coming from or what they are going through. It is similar experiences that allow us to extend our sincere appreciation and understanding for another human being’s situations and trials of life. Anne Bradstreet’s â€Å"The Author to Her Book† expresses the emotions that Bradstreet felt when her most intimate thoughts were published to the world without her consent. The average person would not see the cause for distress that Bradstreet feels in this situation. She had written a collection of near perfect poetry, which expressed her feelings in a way that the majority of women during that time did not have the talent or training to do. Many would wonder why she would be disturbed about these works being printed when they had brought many people pleasurable reading and had brought Bradstreet herself much personal fame. Therefore, Bradstreet can not just write a straightforward poem to t ell how she feels about her stolen thoughts. Unless her reader happens to be a writer, he or she would not be able to sympathize with Bradstreet in this matter. Instead, she had to use a situation in which her readers could comprehend the many emotions she experienced. No doubt, many women read her poetry, and the majority of women during that time were, or would one day be mothers. This similarity opened a door for understanding. By comparing her writing to a child, Bradstreet is able to win the compassion of her readers and help them understand the feelings that she experiences. Bradstreet sees herself s the â€Å"mother† (line 23) of this work, which she calls an â€Å"ill-formed offspring† (line 1) and she gives the work many human characteristics to enhance the effect of the conceit. She says that the â€Å"child† had been by her side until â€Å"snatched from thence by friends, less wise than true† (line 3). Bradstreet’s works would probably never have been published had it not been for her brother-in-law. A person she thought she could trust saw fit to take her works back to England and have them published without her consent. He took her most intimate thoughts and placed the future of them in his own hands and she was never consulted. She shares an intimacy with her work like that of a mother and child and that intimacy was infringed upon when her work was â€Å"exposed to public view† (line 4).

Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block Health And Social Care Essay

The brachial rete is a complex agreement of nervus fibers arising from the spinal column via the ventral rami of the 5th cervical to the first thoracic nervus roots. It proceeds through the cervix, armpit and into the arm where it terminates into single peripheral nervousnesss most notably average, radial, ulnar and musculocutaneous nervousnesss. These nervousnesss contribute motor and centripetal nervus supply to the upper limb. Barricading these nervousnesss near to their beginning between the cervix and the axilla is called brachial rete block. Supraclavicular block is used to providesurgical anesthesia and postoperative analgesia forthe upper limb operations. The brachial rete traditionally performed via interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular and alar attacks with clinically of import advantages and disadvantages of each. The supraclavicular attack is popular for surgery affecting the manus to the elbow,1 and the brachial rete can be easy visualized by puting an ultrasound investigation at the base of the cervix merely above the collarbone. Ultrasound is used routinely for supraclavicular brachial rete blocks forsurgery affecting the manus, forearm or the cubitus. Surveies have shown that ultrasound improves the efficaciousness and safety and clip to execute the the block.2,3,4 With the blessing of the Local Ethics Committee, a prospective survey will be conducted in up to 40 ASA I, II or III patients of either sex undergoing elected upper limb surgery. A verbal account of the test, patient information sheet will be provided by the attention ( clinical/medical ) staff for the patient to see which will be about 6 hebdomads before the twenty-four hours of surgery. This will include elaborate information about the principle, design and personal deductions of the survey. When the patients will be admitted to the infirmary, they will be approached by one of the research workers farther information and account for any inquiries to assist them take an informed determination on engagement or non-participation into the trial.Following information proviso, patients will hold at least 24 hours to see engagement and will be given the chance to discourse the test with their household and health care professionals before they are asked whether they would be willing to ta ke portion in the test. The chief research worker or the co-investigator will accept the patients. All are qualified by experience and educational course of study as an anesthetic physician to take the consent for this in their everyday pattern. Assenting patients will so be officially assessed for eligibility and invited to supply informed, written consent. The right of the patient to decline consent without giving grounds will be respected. Further, the patient will stay free to retreat from the survey at any clip without giving grounds and without prejudicing any farther intervention. A transcript of the consent will be given to the patient, one filed in the Trial Master File, one filed in the infirmary notes and a 4th transcript sent to the Sponsor. For the supraclavicular block, the brachial rete will be visualized utilizing a Sonosite Titan ultrasound machine with 10MHz additive investigation. The overlying tegument will be infiltrated with 1 % lignocaine and a nervus block acerate leaf passed under ultrasound counsel so that its tip lies next to the brachial rete. After negative aspiration on the needle the survey dosage of bupivacaine will be injected. This will be done under ultrasound visual image to guarantee right location of the acerate leaf is maintained. Bupivacaine will be prepared newly for each patient. Efficacy will be assessed at 15-minute intervals for up to 45 proceedingss at the centripetal dermatomes of the average, ulnar, radial and musculocutaneous nervousnesss in the upper limb to cold utilizing an intoxicant swab ( i.e at 15, 30 and 45 proceedingss after the injection is finished ) . Failure to accomplish loss of cold esthesis with intoxicant swab at all four of the centripetal dermatomes of the average, ulnar, radial and musculocutaneous nervousnesss in the upper limb after 45 proceedingss will be considered uneffective block. This will be considered as the terminal of the survey for the participant and repetition injection utilizing 5 to 10 milliliters of local anesthetic will be done under ultrasound counsel. This will non ache because the local anesthesia of the overlying tegument from the old injection normally lasts more than 2 hours. The following patient will so have a dosage based on the CRM. The block will be assessed by the co-investigator who will non be present during the behavior of the block and hence will be wholly blind to the dosage used. The topics will non be cognizant of the dosage of the local anesthetic used. The survey is therefore double blinded since the topic the research worker and the assessor are blinded to the dosage of the local anesthetic used. The blinding of the survey will take the prejudice that may be at that place if the individual executing the block assesses the block every bit good.Statistical considerations & A ; power analysisPersonal and surgical inside informations will be collected and the informations will be presented as average ( interquartile and scope ) or per centum as appropriate. The minimum effectual dosage ( MED95 ) will be estimated utilizing CRM. Our confederates, Dr Sylvie Chevret and Dr Sarah Zohar will supply the statistical expertness for the current test. These confederates are experts in the field of CRM and have advised that a sample size of 40 patients is sufficient in theory to supply an reply to the inquiry of ED95. The design of this dose-finding, double-blind survey was chosen in order to measure the dose-response relationship of bupivacaine for supraclavicular brachial rete block utilizing ultrasound. The CRM ( Oaa‚ ¬a„?Quigley et al 1990 ) 6 utilizing a alteration in order to command outliers observations ( Resche-Rigon et al. 2008 ) 7 will be used in order to find the minimum effectual dosage ( MED ) of Bupivacaine for supraclavicular brachial rete block of 95 % of patients. The CRM is consecutive Bayesian method based on a one-parameter theoretical account, which aims at gauging the percentile of dose-response among thousand distinct dose degrees di ( i=1, †¦ ,5 ) . Each one of the six dosage degrees was randomly associated by the research worker ( harmonizing to his/her personal experience and available informations in the literature at the clip of induction of the test ) with the following prior estimated success chance, 0.5, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.98 and 0.99 for the 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 27 volume integrity dose severally. Then, a one-parameter power theoretical account will be used to suit the dose-response curve, with an exponential anterior distribution ( with mean = 1 ) for the theoretical account parametric quantity. The posterior response chance of each dose degree will be re-estimated after each new inclusion of cohort patients ( 2 patients per cohort ) ( see following page ) . The allocated dosage to each new cohort of patients was the dose degree with the updated posterior response chance closest to 0.95. In the present survey, the first cohort of patients will have a lading dosage of 21 volume units with the anterior success chance closest to the mark ( 0.95 ) . The MED is defined as the dose degree among the six chosen dose that had a concluding response chance closest to the mark. The determination to stop the survey was based on halting standards, in order to observe whether all doses were likely to be inefficient or a suited appraisal of the MED has been reached ( Zohar and Chevret 2001 ) .8

Mississippi Department of corrections Fails Essay

Mississippi Department of corrections Fails to provide proper care and fulfill their constitutional obligations to prisoners in privately owned prison. MDOC considers themselves above the law, and fails to hold up their responsibilities under constitutional laws. They do what they want when they want without concern to anyone. They do not provide adequate and safe meals, nor do they provide proper health care, and in general do not abide by the Mississippi state laws they have committed to punishing others for. They give contracts to privately owned companies from other states, whom honestly could care less about the inmates or the people of Mississippi and are only taking the contracts for the purpose of money gain. MDOC hit with lawsuit over† Inhumane conditions† at prison!!! Chris Davis on May 30th, 2013 filed a lawsuit in Jackson, Ms. Thursday by the American Civil Liberties Union and the Southern poverty Law alleges the Mississippi Department of Corrections has forgotten it’s constitutional obligations to its prisoners at the East Mississippi Correctional facility, a privately run prison under state supervision in Lauderdale County. The suit seeks â€Å"injunctive relief† meaning Mississippi must improve conditions to the satisfaction of the plaintiffs to settle the suit â€Å" East Mississippi Correctional Facility is a destination for individuals who suffer from mental illness†, says Owens. Unfortunately, while they are supposed to get treatment, they get nothing of the like. The conduct that happens there is a shock to the conscience of a civilized society. The most vulnerable continue to be exploited, abused and in some cases tortured. There are also situations where inmates are not provided with proper care or living conditions. (Judy Owens Audio)† some of the conditions are inmates who ask for treatment have been responded to with fire extinguishers and/ or faced with pepper spray, just for asking for help. News Mississippi immediately reached out to the Ms. Dept. of Corrections for their reaction and their comment was; â€Å"we have not been served, we will respond in court,† sa id spokesperson Tara Booth. Owens said the SPLC tried to meet with MDOC but was turned down. Owens also says he knows about budget problems within the department but he believes that does not relieve them of their constitutional obligations to prisoners. â€Å"This is a case about decency and treating people with respect,† said ACLU Att. Gabe Eber. † When you take a group of seriously mentally ill people and house them in filthy conditions, deny them basic medical and mental health care, you beat them and let them suffer abuse†¦. that’s a predictable recipe for disaster, But it’s got a fix!!! www. newsms. m/corrections-hit-with-lawsuit-over-inhumane-conditions-at-prison- We need a plan to fix the prisons and a commitment to follow through with that plan. I personally believe one solution to fix this problem is that Mississippi should manage their own prisons and stop hiring the job out to private out of state management contractors, that could care less about the people in our state . This would also save our state a lot of money to go toward much better things like homeless shelters for our homeless people or to feed our hungry people. What do you think? Shouldn’t Mississippi take care of their own?

Free Essays on Child Sacrifice

Child sacrifice was a part of the Hebrew Bible. Whether or not you believe that the actual act of child sacrifice occurred, it is still a part of the bible and part of what created religion. In particular, in genesis 22 Abraham was instructed by God to sacrifice his son Isaac. Even though the sacrifice never occurred, the asking and willingness between God and Abraham play a major role in these religions. The three major religions that we are studying: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all agree that this event occurred. One thing that you must ask when discussing child sacrifice is how someone would willingly kill his or her child. One major consideration that you have to think of is the time period. Child sacrifice today is something that is not condoned upon. Even though many religions that people strongly believe have originated from child sacrifice. Abraham believed in a God. Abraham would do anything for â€Å"this† God that he believed in. We know this because he was going to sacrifice his son, Isaac. If not for the angel that had stopped Abraham, he would have committed the sacrifice. For this reason you have to question Abraham and you have to question God. Was God simply testing Abraham’s faith with no intention of harming Isaac, or does God support child sacrifice? To answer this you have to know if child sacrifice occurred and if God truly believed in it. This question cannot truly be answered, but people have different theories. You also have to wonder why Abraham is thought of as the father of monotheism. Is this because he was willing to follow God’s command even though his command was technically murder? In order to answer this you have to consider someone’s faith to their religion and their strong belief and faith that what God is asking them to do is for a reason and God’ s reason is correct. Without the binding of Isaac however, the three main religions could not have developed the way the... Free Essays on Child Sacrifice Free Essays on Child Sacrifice Child sacrifice was a part of the Hebrew Bible. Whether or not you believe that the actual act of child sacrifice occurred, it is still a part of the bible and part of what created religion. In particular, in genesis 22 Abraham was instructed by God to sacrifice his son Isaac. Even though the sacrifice never occurred, the asking and willingness between God and Abraham play a major role in these religions. The three major religions that we are studying: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all agree that this event occurred. One thing that you must ask when discussing child sacrifice is how someone would willingly kill his or her child. One major consideration that you have to think of is the time period. Child sacrifice today is something that is not condoned upon. Even though many religions that people strongly believe have originated from child sacrifice. Abraham believed in a God. Abraham would do anything for â€Å"this† God that he believed in. We know this because he was going to sacrifice his son, Isaac. If not for the angel that had stopped Abraham, he would have committed the sacrifice. For this reason you have to question Abraham and you have to question God. Was God simply testing Abraham’s faith with no intention of harming Isaac, or does God support child sacrifice? To answer this you have to know if child sacrifice occurred and if God truly believed in it. This question cannot truly be answered, but people have different theories. You also have to wonder why Abraham is thought of as the father of monotheism. Is this because he was willing to follow God’s command even though his command was technically murder? In order to answer this you have to consider someone’s faith to their religion and their strong belief and faith that what God is asking them to do is for a reason and God’ s reason is correct. Without the binding of Isaac however, the three main religions could not have developed the way the...

Puritan Value System essays

Puritan Value System essays "The Puritan ethic: the haunting fear that somewhere, someone is having a good time," annonymous. This qoute is an amusing example of the Puritan ethic. The modern American ethic is quite different. The Puritan value system is different from the modern American value system. Puritans valued God over everything in their life. For example, from Anne Bradstreet's poem "Verses upon the Burning of our House," she writes that her house is burning down and all her things turn to ash, but she doesn't care because she knows she has a home in heaven. She realizes that all the stuff in her house is vanity and that all she needs is God. If something like that happened today, most people would curse God, and they would only care about their designer furniture burning up. Puritans did nothing to distract them from worshipping God. For example, the only paintings Puritans had in their house were portraits. Puritans had portraits to pay respect to their elders, but felt that anything else would take their mind away from God. Today Americans collect paintings and other types of art to decorate their houses, which clearly shows that we do not find this value important anymore. In conclusion, the Puritan value system has clearly changed over the years. Modern Americans put more values on material things, and many don't believe in God. If a 16th century Puritan met a Modern American today, he would probably be disgusted. ...

Foreword and Forward - Commonly Confused Words

Foreword and Forward - Commonly Confused Words The words foreword and forward sound similar, but their meanings are different. Definitions The noun foreword refers to a short introductory note in a published work. (Also see preface.) A foreword may be composed by someone other than the author. Forward is an adjective and an adverb with several meanings related to direction (ahead, onward, toward the front)as in the expressions forward thinking and march forward. Forwards is an alternate spelling of forward. Examples President Barack Obama wrote the foreword to Conversations With Myself, a book by Nelson Mandela.Uncle Willie . . . was standing erect behind the counter, not leaning forward or resting on the small shelf that had been built for him.(Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, 1969)On the Earth, forward motion is usually achieved by pushing on some medium, such as the ground for a car and the sea for a motorboat. We walk forwards by pushing back against the floor with our feet.(Lucy Rogers, Its ONLY Rocket Science, 2008)The ideal set up by the Party was something huge, terrible, and glitteringa world of steel and concrete, of monstrous machines and terrifying weaponsa nation of warriors and fanatics, marching forward in perfect unity, all thinking the same thoughts and shouting the same slogans, perpetually working, fighting, triumphing, persecutingthree hundred million people all with the same face.(George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, 1949) Usage Notes Although some style books prefer forward and toward to forwards and towards, none of these forms is really incorrect, though the forms without the final s are perhaps a smidgen more formal.(Paul Brians,  Common Errors in English Usage. William, James, 2003)A foreword should be written by the author, at the time of publication, explaining perhaps why the piece was written, anticipating difficulties, alerting the reader to its special qualities, removing current misconceptions, apologizing in advance for defects it may be perceivedvengefullyto possess.(William H. Gass, The Book of Prefaces. A Temple of Texts. Alfred A. Knopf, 2006)Practice (a) I look _____ to an America which will reward achievement in the arts as we reward achievement in business or statecraft.(President John F. Kennedy, The Purpose of Poetry, 1963) (b) Wynton Marsalis wrote the ____ to the DVD Jazz Icons: Louis Armstrong Live in 59. (c) When Lanie Greenberger entered the courtroom, not exactly walking but undulating _____ on the balls of her feet, in a little half-time prance, no one bothered to look up.(Joan Didion, After Henry, 1992) Answers (a) I look  forward  to an America which will reward achievement in the arts as we reward achievement in business or statecraft.(President John F. Kennedy, The Purpose of Poetry, 1963) (b) Wynton Marsalis wrote the  foreword  to the DVD  Jazz Icons: Louis Armstrong Live in 59. (c) When Lanie Greenberger entered the courtroom, not exactly walking but undulating  forward  on the balls of her feet, in a little half-time  prance, no one bothered to look up.(Joan Didion,  After Henry, 1992)

Intercultural Communication and Ecclesial Intergration African Research Paper

Intercultural Communication and Ecclesial Intergration African American - Research Paper Example A decade later, the African slaves were taken to New York, known as New Amsterdam by then (African American History Timeline, n.p.). By the year 1690, all the colonies of USA had African slaves. The African slaves in USA were later given American citizenship when USA became independent in 1776. In the year 1739, the African slaves at Stono, in North Carolina revolted against the oppressions that their masters subjected them to. This revolt is known as Stono revolt (African American History Timeline, n.p.). This revolt, however, did not stop the oppression of the African slaves by their masters. The importation of African slaves was banned by the USA Congress in the year 1808. In the 19th century, many Africans immigrated to American in USA in search of greener pasture; many of the African immigrants later became American citizens. The African immigrants, therefore, constitute a significant percentage of African Americans. Although Catholicism was brought to America in the early 16th century by the Spanish explorers, African American Catholics, however, could not be identified and defined as a distinct group of Catholics in the United States until in the mid 19th century (Fisher, 52). This fact can be attributed to the oppression and the marginalization that the Africans had experienced in the USA. In the mid of 19th century, the slaves of the Catholic planters were baptized into Catholicism in the Maryland state (Fisher, 52). The formation of the first African American Catholic community in USA can be attributed to the migration of slave owners from Maryland to Kentucky in the early 19th century. With the migration of slave owners in the early 19th century, the African slaves formed their community in the Nelson County area. With the formation of a community of African American slave community, the African American Catholics became a distinct group of American Catholics. The African American Catholics, therefore, gained prominence in the early 19th

What are the main differences between Monopolistic Competition and Essay

What are the main differences between Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly market structuresWhich of these market structures best serves the interests of the consumer and why - Essay Example In this type of market structure the firm takes the price charged by the competitors as given and does not take into consideration the impact of its price on that of competitors. In the short run the firms operating in monopolistic market can act as monopolies but in the long run the other firms enter into the market and the gains of differentiation takes the downward sloping curve with competition. Oligopoly is regarded as the market structure where there are large firms operating in the market with significant barriers to entry. The oligopolists are aware of the conditions prevailing in the market as the market is dominated by only few sellers. The decision undertaken by one firm will influence the other firms operating in the market as well as the market as a whole. The decision or the responses of the market participants should be taken into account in the planning process. The prevailing competition in the market structure can give rise different outcomes. An operating firm in the oligopolistic firm can maximise the profit by operating at the level where marginal revenue is same as marginal costs. Differences The primary differences between the two types of market structures are in terms of relative size and control of the market of each firm on the basis of the number of competitors in the existing market structure. It is difficult to find clear cut evidences that cite the differences between the two market structures. Some industries can posses the characteristics of both oligopoly and monopolistic firm. With decrease in the level of competition the firms tend to behave more likely to that of oligopoly and less likely to that of monopolistic competition. The monopolistic market structure offers differentiated products. The suppliers are aware of the price system existing in the market i.e. they are the price makers. The barriers to entry are not stringent in the short run but in the long run the firms can enter or leave the industry. The sellers can act in independent fashion within the market. The demand curve slopes downward and is more elastic than that of monopolists (Economics, 2012). The firms operating in the oligopolistic market structure are interdependent. The products offered can be homogeneous as well as can be differentiated across producers. The interdependence among the firms is correlated with the homogeneity of the products. A huge amount of investment is usually associated with entry in the oligopolistic market. In this market structure the firms can collude and impose some restricted trade practices with the aim to raise prices. The profit of the industry is maximized with the collusion of firms. If one firm believes that the other firm will keep the output level constant it can raise the productivity so as to gain maximum revenue. In a situation characterised by cartel the firms can recognize the significance of joint profits from producing each unit of output. However if one firm believes that the other firm will increase the level of productivity, then the other firm will try to increase the productivity faster to gain the first mover advantage (Central Washington University, 2003, p. 3). In this situation the cartel will broke. The significance of market structures on interests of consumers As long as the consumers are happy in demanding one product regardless of the prices of other products the seller o f the product will be acting as a

Diversity Management in Hospitality Management Case Study

Diversity Management in Hospitality Management - Case Study Example Hilton has always taken care of this issue which plays an important role in the functioning of the whole company. Matters like productivity, quality, co ordination and unity need to be given high preference in big firms because the workforce is multinational, includes people of different religions and castes. Even gender discrimination must be eradicated to achieve optimum performance of the company. At Hilton, the steps taken to manage their diverse workforce are commendable. Keeping in mind the sentiments, practices and beliefs of their people, all their policies and plans are accepted by its employees. In all sectors of the group be it promotion of brands, relationship with other organizations, all are under the principles made by the company. Though, in some regions of the world, managing diversity is tough, still Hilton has worked hard to maintain its policies. In the following scripts we will be discussing how Hilton manages diversity management. As suggested by Hofstede, culture is more often a source of divergence than of synergy, and cultural disparities can be both nuisance and disaster simultaneously (Hofstede, 2001). Hilton has a massive workforce that includes minorities and women. The need of diversity management comes when discrimination occurs. Companies in order to maintain standards or to optimise their fund utilization and profits do not care to manage the problems which in turn would help them yield more profits. Many issues related to caste, religion, and sex hinders the growth of an organisation. People of different religions have grudges against each others. People of middle class category don't want to work with poor employees. Women are regarded useful only until they are single. Once they get married social and family matters surround them, like pregnancy, kids and further social life. Hilton has to overcome all these problems. Hospitality sector of the UK does face many such problems. Even though major officials of the sector have tried their level best to manage diversity, no significant results have come out. Plans and strategies were to be framed and implemented in order to provide job equality and opportunities, but the attempts have failed and a mere number of organisations have taken this issue seriously. The surveys that were carried out gave unsatisfactory results. Few companies were not bothered, few said that we would look upon it in the future, and only a few agreed to take reformative steps. The problem is that large hotel groups do not understand how harmful this discrimination is to their sector. People due to their cultural or background tags are not given the opportunities they deserve. This way, the persons' name and his monetary condition is given worth, not his skill. Their

Power Conflict slp Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Power Conflict slp - Assignment Example ; awareness of the issues affecting both parties, overall improvement of employee morale, improvement of working conditions and finally increased productivity and innovation in the organisation. On the contrary, dysfunctional conflicts lead to a win lose situation for the parties. The negative results for such conflicts include usage of threats that end up destroying the relationship between parties, both parties end up losing and finally increase in chances of retaliation. The organisation that was involved in real estate development was in functional conflict with the local community. It was mainly due to the development of town homes on a particular parcel of land within the town. The top management had sited that the land’s location was ideal for the construction of town homes, but the general community was against it. Some of the issues raised by the community were that its construction would lead to a strain in the available resources such as schools, as the number of children would increase. It resulted in demonstrations by the community concerning the particular land. The organisation was well known for corporate social responsibility within the community, but the resistance to the project by the community was unimaginable. The top management had the option of bribing the local administration, but this would be detrimental to the organisations had earned corporate image. One of the key principles of the organisation was transparency, fairness for all and accountability. The top management was not ready to forego these principles for its benefits. Based on the conflicts, the board of governors had to convene a meeting to address the issues that would result to a win-win situation for both parties. The top management felt that was a functional conflict as the disagreement would yield a positive result for the conflicting parties. A meeting was organised between the top management and local community representatives. Conflicting issues were addressed and

Buildng construction for fire services (Brannigan & Corbett) Final Research Paper

Buildng construction for fire services (Brannigan & Corbett) Final - Research Paper Example The changes to these codes is expected to make tall buildings safer around the world and better equipped to handle a disaster. Building codes have been in use in the US for over 100 years since the first model code was written by the National Board of Underwriters in 1905. These codes have been revised and updated based on new materials and construction methods as they became available. Building damage during natural events like hurricanes, tornadoes and earthquakes led to revisions and upgrades of the building codes. The codes are written to establish the minimum requirements but the construction industry has often treated these as the maximum requirements (Dehring, 2006, p10, 11). Two comparatively recent major building disasters have led to the coining of the term â€Å"progressive collapse† and have led to the modification of building codes to prevent these from happening. In 1968, a gas explosion in a kitchen on the 18th floor of the 22-story Ronan Towers Apartment Building in London, UK knocked out pre-cast concrete load bearing panels in a corner of the building and that loss of support caused an entire corner bay of the building to collapse. The Murrah Federal Office Building in Oklahoma City was destroyed in 1995 by a bomb in a truck in the basement of the building. The bomb explosion damaged or destroyed three columns which led to the failure of a transfer girder. This caused the columns supported by the transfer girder and the floor areas supported by those columns to collapse causing a general collapse (Nair, 2004, p 1, 2). In both cases, the structural collapse is considered disproportionate to the trigger and the engineering community and the codes have attempted to change design codes to prevent such disproportionate damage. In general, codes attempt to improve building safety using three approaches – increasing local resistance, creating redundancy or improving interconnection (Nair, 2004, p2, 3). Increasing local

Power Conflict slp Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Power Conflict slp - Assignment Example ; awareness of the issues affecting both parties, overall improvement of employee morale, improvement of working conditions and finally increased productivity and innovation in the organisation. On the contrary, dysfunctional conflicts lead to a win lose situation for the parties. The negative results for such conflicts include usage of threats that end up destroying the relationship between parties, both parties end up losing and finally increase in chances of retaliation. The organisation that was involved in real estate development was in functional conflict with the local community. It was mainly due to the development of town homes on a particular parcel of land within the town. The top management had sited that the land’s location was ideal for the construction of town homes, but the general community was against it. Some of the issues raised by the community were that its construction would lead to a strain in the available resources such as schools, as the number of children would increase. It resulted in demonstrations by the community concerning the particular land. The organisation was well known for corporate social responsibility within the community, but the resistance to the project by the community was unimaginable. The top management had the option of bribing the local administration, but this would be detrimental to the organisations had earned corporate image. One of the key principles of the organisation was transparency, fairness for all and accountability. The top management was not ready to forego these principles for its benefits. Based on the conflicts, the board of governors had to convene a meeting to address the issues that would result to a win-win situation for both parties. The top management felt that was a functional conflict as the disagreement would yield a positive result for the conflicting parties. A meeting was organised between the top management and local community representatives. Conflicting issues were addressed and

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 81

Essay Example On the onset of the operating of the business demographically our target market is mostly women 25-40 years of age working full-time and earning above average income. We are planning to operate the company in the U.S and following are the strategies that we intend to apply. Our business is called â€Å"Holistically shredded†. We deliver total body and mind transformations via tailored personal training sessions, professional nutritional meal plans, naturopathy consultations and motivational support. Our business will be operating from Hard Candy gym at Sydney CBD. Legal form of ownership is sole trader as it is easy to establish. Our products and services include various personal training sessions, professional nutritional meal plans, and naturopathy consultations and also provide motivational support. Various recreational exercises including squat, leg extension, and others are major part of our products and services. We also frame various nutritional and diet plans for various people; these plans vary accordingly with the interest of individuals (Czinkota, 2012). Furthermore, we also facilitate our customers by motivating and encouraging them to follow their diet plans. We are having separate plans for such individuals to encourage them to follow their fitness and nutritional plans. The target market the health organization would aim at would be a various number of groups of people. One of these aggregations of individuals might be individuals looking to get thinner through legitimate practices and having great to guide them through their weight reduction travel. The other target business sector might be individuals looking to prepare and increase muscle estimate and in addition bulky quality. The other assembly of individuals might be lady, men and adolescents that are searching for great cardio sessions with a qualified mentor. The recreational center will expect to give these assemblies of individuals with the offices and great

Cyber-Bullying and aTeenage Suicide Essay Example for Free

Cyber-Bullying and aTeenage Suicide Essay A study done by Pew Research Center from 2007-2010 stated that 95% of all teens use the internet and 80% of them use social networking sites (www. Edgewave. com). One in three teens is cyber-bullied (The Guardian, Tues, Aug 6, 2013). One in 13 teens face persistence abuse online (The Guardian. ). Cyber-bullies do not see the harm they cause or the consequences of their actions which minimizes any feelings of remorse. This gives the kids more advantage to say crude and hurtful things they would not do in person. Cyber-bullying is devastating when nasty things are verbalized, but when someone sends pictures of one that is not meant for the world to see this type of damage is more detrimental than the nastiness of words. The betrayal one must feel to know someone close to them would hurt them by exposing such material. The aftermath, for that experience is destructive for one’s self-image and self-esteem. When a teen is subjected to such negativity, it may push them over the edge. The damage cyber-bullying causes can be deep and long lasting. The damage that cyber-bullying can cause is low self-esteem, withdrawal, poor grades, school absences, self- harm, depression, risks for addictive behaviors such as drinking and using drugs and in the worst cases one take their own life, because they can no longer take the never ending pain that is being caused by the bullying. Cyber-bullying has been the final cause in the teens mentioned in this report as to why they committed suicide. Although, this was not the only underlining factor, many of these teens suffered from depression and other mental illnesses (WebMD, 2007). I have found several articles about teen suicides that were connected to cyber-bullying. The first such case of teen suicide connected to cyber-bullying was reported on October 7, 2003 in Essex Jct. , Vermont. Ryan Halligan was a 13 year old and he was bullied for numerous years. His parents thought the bullying was done and over with until his suicide. His father went into his computer and found that Ryan was being severely harassed. The person who bullied him years before, but became friends with later bullied Ryan. His parent has warned Ryan not to trust this person, because he betrayed him before. Ryan told his friend stories and eventually his friend turned on him unknowingly to Ryan and he was being bullied over social media sites and at school. Ryan’s father was not aware of this until after Ryan’s death and he was trying to make sense of why he son took his own life. He soon figured it out. Ryan’s parents were devastated. John Halligan has been totally dedicated in honoring the memory of his son. As well as to raise awareness on the issues, that led to Ryan’s death. John spearheaded the Vermont’s Bully Prevention bill that was signed into law (ACT 117) in May 2004 just a few months after Ryan’s death (RyanPatrickHalligan. Mr. Halligan has also successfully led the passage of the law pertaining to mandatory suicide prevention education in public schools (ACT 114) signed in April 2006 (RyanPatrickHalligan. Org). John Halligan has been recognized with five award for his outstanding community service, hard work and outreach he has done in his sons memory and his dedication to educate others on these issues (RyanPatrickHalligan. Org). Prior to their suicides, some of these teens did cry out for help by posting heartbreaking videos and updates on their sites. The examples I would like to use to support this statement are as follows: â€Å"My Story: struggling, bullying, suicide, and self-harm’ Amanda’s YouTube Video. Watching this video of Amanda was heartbreaking. To see any children go through that kind of pain and they feel they have nowhere to turn just breaks my heart. I have a teenage daughter who has been bullied in every way imaginable. I know what problems being bullied and harassed can create. She cried out for help with the Facebook posts, the flashcards, cutting and other behaviors. As I stated earlier, cyber-bullying is not the only problem that causes one to commit suicide there are other factors involved. I can relate to an extent with the parents who have lost their children to suicide. My daughter has attempted suicide and almost succeeded. It has been the worst experience to go through. She has refused all the help that was always there for her until the last attempt where she has been placed in a residential facility that I feel has saved my daughter’s life. Tyler Clementi was a quiet 18-year-old talented violinist. He started his first year at Rutgers University in 2010. Tyler â€Å"came out of the closet† with his family before leaving for college his brother James said in a statement where he discussed what a wonder person Tyler was, the suicide of his brother, what life is like without him and the close bond they shared growing up and that they both are â€Å"gay†. (James Clementi, www. queerty. com). Tyler discovered his roommate used his webcam to stream intimate moments with his boyfriend over the internet (New York Times, March 16, 2012). Tyler sent and e-mail requesting a single room, because of the webcam spying issue on September 21, 2010 about 4 a.m. (New York Times, March 16, 2012). Dharun Ravi whom was the roommate of Tyler apparently searched the internet prior to starting Rutgers and discovered Tyler’s sexuality. Dharum was not pleased to have a â€Å"gay† roommate and sent several texts to friend about keeping gays out (New York Times, March 16, 2012). Tyler asked his roommate for some privacy one evening to spend time with his companion. This second attempt to use his webcam to mainstream activity between Tyler and his companion was halted, because Tyler found the camera pointed at his bed (New York Times, March 16, 2012). Dharum tweeted â€Å"that he seen his roommate making out with a dude† and invited others via text to watch the live stream action (New York Times, March 16, 2012). From all the information, I have read on this case the final message from Tyler that was discovered after his death in a gay chat room was how to deal with the invasion of his privacy in such intimate moments and facing the people who were ignorant enough to watch it. I am going to assume that he felt he would have been bullied and harassed constantly, because of the webcam video. On September 22, 2010 at 8:42 P. M. Tyler Clementi posted on Facebook â€Å"Jumping off the GW bridge, sorry†. Tyler’s body was not recovered, but the police did pull an unidentified male body from the Hudson River north of the river where he jumped. Tyler’s wallet with his freshman identification was at the scene (ABC News, Sept 29, 2010). Dharum Ravi was charged with several charged and served a jail sentence. The other person involve exchange her testimony for reduced charges (New York Times, March 16, 2012). A huge problem with cyber-bullying is that is can be done with complete anonymity. Teenage years are tough enough to experience. When a teenager is being cyber-bullied and humiliated in front of the millions of people, it is like having a brown bag over your head in the social media world many can take a jabs instantaneously. When they feel like â€Å"everyone† is against them their self-esteem is non-existent and they slowly fall into a depressive type state. Not knowing who is saying or doing the harsh content makes it worse and makes it easier for the teenager to withdrawal. With the research I have done for this project, the experiences I have experienced as a parent and help from my teenagers, I have found many social networking sites that allow anonymity postings. A few examples of these social networking sites are www. pencourage. com, www. youmitter. com , Tumblr. com and formspring. me. The one that I found the most information on was the social networking site Ask. fm. All of these sites mentioned are question and answer social networking sites that allow anonymous participation. Ask. fm has been in the national headlines involving several teenage suicides. Ask. fm has 30 million participators who minors (Huffington Post, August 30, 2013). With the research I have done on Ask.fm, I came across the story of Hannah Smith a beautiful, 14 year old who committed suicide due to being subjected to cruel taunts and insults on Ask. fm (The Huffington Post, Aug 30, 2013). David Smith, Hannah’s father stated in the Huffington Post on August 30, 2013, â€Å"These sick people are just able to go online and hide behind a mask of anonymity while they abuse vulnerable teenagers†¦ When they’re sitting behind a computer screen you can say whatever you want and there no comebacks, but these trolls need to realize that they are affecting people’s lives in the most horrific way imaginable† (Huffington Post, Aug 30, 2013). In my opinion, Mr. Smith stated this perfect. I have wondered if any of the people involved in the cyber-bullying that finally pushed Hannah and other teens over the edge to end their lives if they have a conscience. I wonder if they are able to sleep at night knowing they are some of the reason another person ending their life. Interesting, with more investigating for this report I found on a website called www. cyberbullyingresearchcenter. us . The information that is in investigation on the case with Ask.fm and the cyber-bullying case of Hannah Smith has been founded that 98% of the messages sent to Hannah were from the same IP address as Hannah was using which indicates she was sending the hateful, threatening messages to herself (www. cyberbullyingresearchcenter. org). IP is short for Internet Protocol Address. IP addresses are assigned to every computer on an Ethernet Network (www. dummies. com). The IP address is similar to your home address. No two computers can have the same IP address on the same network (www. dummies.com). Ask. fm has identified four messages that were sent to Hannah from different IP addresses and has agreed to turn the information over to the police (The Telegraph August 11, 2013). There is no guaranteed proved that Hannah sent these messages to herself. There are other possibilities of how the messages were sent from the same IP address such as Wi-Fi connection or a school network. Mr. Smith does not deny Hannah may have sent herself some of these messages, but feels Ask. fm are trying to cover their butts. Mr. Smith has the name of one of the trolls that was harassing his daughter and the authorities do not seem interested in the information. In my opinion, there is much more to this suicide story than we the public will ever know about. Due to the recent suicides that involved Ask. fm on August 19, 2013 the social networking website agreed to make some changes (www. heavy. com). Ask. fm has implicated a report bullying or harassment button that would compel the website to investigate reported comments (www. heavy. com). This feature is expected to go live in September 2013. Ask.fm stated â€Å"they wanted their users to be able to have fun, share information and make friends freely they want their younger users to be able to do this in a safe environment† (www. heavy. com) Finally, the teen suicide rate has increased over the last 15 years (WebMD 2007). In my opinion, this has a lot to do with the advanced technology that teens have constant access to today. The ole bullying has transpired into a more severe problem called cyber-bullying. This is done through social networks, instant messages, e-mails and text messages. Electronic bullying is instant. Bullying is no longer the traditional note passing in the halls at schools. Bullying and cyber-bullying does not stop at the end of the school day as it did prior to the internet and other advanced technology we have today. Cyber-bullying triples suicide risks in teens (Sherry Boschert, Pediatric News. Digital Network). Girls are often the target of being cyber-bullied than boys. Usually by a 9% difference in studies, I came across. Being victimized by a bully can happen at any given time of the day, by anybody and regardless of what stance in authority they may hold. I was completely shocked to have come across the Andrew Cain story. Andrew Cain was a 19 year old from Pullman, Washington, whom had a criminal history since he was a minor. Most recently, Andrew failed to appear for a court hearing for charges he received in March 2013 for a probation violation (Huffington Post, June 27, 2013). Not appearing for the court hearing, warrants were issued for his arrest. The deputy posted on the Sheriff’s Facebook page that included a wanted poster and this statement â€Å"We have decided that Andrew Cain is no longer the wanted person of the week. He is the wanted person of the month of June Congratulations! † (www. heavy. com). Andrew had received texts, Facebook messages, e-mails and instant messages about this post on the Sheriff’s Facebook page about what a horrible person he was. It was not long until bogus rumors started about the charges Andrew had. According to his sister, Alise Smith she received a text from Andrew about how this has bothered him and feels that it was just too much for him to handle. Andrew Cain was in the process of turning his life around. Unfortunately, due to heartless people we will never see how Andrew Cain’s life could have turned out. On June 13, 2013, Andrew Cain committed suicide. Indeed, while I do feel the advanced technology we have today are very beneficial in many aspects of everyone’s lives. I feel that the advanced technologies that we have become accustomed to should be used with responsibility and integrity. Cyber-bullying in a nutshell is a deadly game to play. Cyber-bullies do not see what harm it causes their victim by harassing them via social media sites unless something drastic happens to their victim due to them being bullied. I really would like to ask some of the teens that have been charged in connection to these suicides if they are able to sleep at night. How the teens involved are going to feel knowing they have been a reason, why another human being took their life? They may not think about it now, because they were able to be that cruel to someone, but what about when they are older and realize what their actions caused? I would like to ask the parents of the cyber-bullies who have been charged in the suicide cases if â€Å"they† had any issues growing up or any un-resolved issues that would cause them to be so hateful to another human being. What is your opinion? I am hopeful one day that the internet world will become a safe place for all children to enjoy. Where a child can go for fun and not become depressed to the point they want to take their own life, because they have no idea how to handle all the pain and pressure of being bullied and being a teenager. I do feel so much sadness in my heart with all the young lives lost to the cruel, senseless act of other humans.

A Central Processing Unit

A Central Processing Unit A central processing unit, also known as central processor unit, is the hardware inside a computer system that process instructions of a computer program by performing the simple arithmetical, logical, and input/output (I/O) operations of the system. The term has been utilized in the computer industry about since the early 1960s. The concept, design, and implementation of CPUs have altered over the period of its history, but the foundation of its operation is still un-change. On big machines, CPUs need at least one printed circuit boards. For the personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is installed into one silicon chip called a microprocessor. In the 1970s the microprocessor type of CPUs had nearly fully implement all other CPU implementations. Modern CPUs are in big scale integrated circuits in packages usually smaller than four centimeters square, with hundreds of connecting pins. Two usual things of a CPU are the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which process arithmetic an d logical operations, and the control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes then executes them, calling on the ALU when needed. Not every computational systems depend on a central processing unit. An array processor or vector processor has many parallel computing elements, with no unit to be known the center. For the distributed computing model, issues are corrected by a distributed interconnected set of processors. (Himes, A. 2012) Answer for question 1 Computers such as the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) need to be physically rewired to carry different operations, that results these machines to be known as fixed-program computers. Since the word CPU is basically known as a device for software (computer program) execution, the very first devices that could rightly be known as CPUs came with the arrival of the stored-program computer. The concept of a stored-program computer was already existed in the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchlys ENIAC, but was not included in the beginning so that it could be complete faster. On June 30, 1945, before ENIAC was created, mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper called First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). It was the plan of a stored-program computer that should be finished in August 1949. EDVAC was made to carry out some amount of instructions (or operations) of various types. The instructions can be combined to make useful programs for the EDVAC to work. The programs made for EDVAC were saved in high-speed computer memory instead of specified by the physical wiring of the computer. This settle the problem of a serious limitation of ENIAC, which was the cquite an amount of time and effort needed to reconfigure the computer to carry out a new task. Using the von Neumanns implementation, the progra m, or software, that EDVAC perform could be modified easily by changing the contents of the memory. (Himes, A. 2012) Every of the computer designs of the beginning of year 1950s was a unique design. There were no upward-compatible devices or computer architectures with numerous, varying implementations. Programs designed for a machine might not function on another kind, even other kinds from the similar company. This was not a great drawback at that time due to there was not a huge body of software made to work on computers, so starting programming from the beginning was not a serious issue. The design flexibility of the time was very crucial, for designers were very restrictive by the cost of electronics, yet just started to discover about how a computer could best be organized. Certain fundamental features implemented during this time like the index registers (on the Ferranti Mark 1), a return-address storing instruction (UNIVAC I), immediate operands (IBM 704), and the detection of invalid operations (IBM 650). (http://www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/computers/hardware/cpu/ 2012) By the late of the year 1950s commercial builders had made factory-constructed, truck-deliverable computers. The most well known installed computer was the IBM 650, which used drum memory into the programs that were loaded using either paper tape or punched cards. Certain very high-end machines also utilize core memory which results in higher speeds. Hard disks were also start to become more widely use. (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/CPU.html 1970) A computer is an automatic abacus. The type of number system will result the way it operates. In the early 1950s majority computers were made for specific numerical processing operations, and many machines utilized decimal numbers as their basic number system. That is the mathematical functions of the machines laboured in base-10 instead of base-2 as is general today. These were not solely binary coded decimal. Most machines usually had ten vacuum tubes per digit in each register. (Himes, A. 2012) At the end of year 1970, main computer languages were not able to standardize their numeric behavior due to decimal computers had groups of users too big to alienate. Even when designers utilize the binary system, they still had many strange ideas. Some used sign-magnitude arithmetic (-1 = 10001), or ones complement (-1 = 11110), instead of modern twos complement arithmetic (-1 = 11111). Majority computers used 6-bit character sets, due to they moderately encoded Hollerith cards. It was a serious revelation to designers of this period to be aware that the data word should be a multiple of the character size. They started to make computers with 12, 24 and 36 bit data words. (RMI Media Productions. 1979) As opposed to contemporary CPUs which was from the year 1990 until today, the design and growth of the CPU has new execution and levels which makes modern CPU more quicker, small and efficient in comparison to the early designs of CPU. One of the implementation is multi-threading. Present designs perform best when the computer is operating only an application, however almost every current operating-system permit the user to perform several applications at the exact time. For the CPU to alter over and do task on another program needs costly context switching. In comparison, multi-threaded CPUs can manage instructions from several applications at once. To do this, this kind of CPUs involve numerous sets of registers. When a context switch takes place, the contents of the working registers are merely duplicated into one of a set of registers for this intent. This kind of designs usually involve thousands of registers rather than hundreds as in a typical design. On the disadvantage, registers are likely to be somewhat costly in chip space required to implement them. This chip space could otherwise be utilized for some other function. Second implementation is multi-core. Multi-core CPUs are commonly multiple CPU cores on the similar die, linked to each other through a shared L2 or L3 cache, an on-die bus, or an on-die crossbar switch. Every of the CPU cores on the die share interconnect components with which to interface to the other processors and the rest of the system. These components might consist of a front side bus interface, a memory controller to interface with DRAM, a cache coherent connected to other processors, and a non-c oherent connected to the southbridge and I/O devices. The words multi-core and MPU (which is Micro-Processor Unit) have come into common usage for an individual die that consists of multiple CPU cores. Thirdly is very long instruction word(VLIW) and Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC). VLIW relates to a processor architecture made to utilize the advantage of instruction level parallelism (ILP). Whilst conventional processors typically only permit programs that specify instructions to be carried out one after another, a VLIW processor permit programs that can clearly specify instructions to be performed at the exact time (i.e. in parallel). This kind of processor architecture is meant to enable higher performance without the inherent sophistication of some other ways. Intels Itanium chip is based on what they call an EPIC design. This design supposedly offers the VLIW benefit of enhanced instruction throughput. Nevertheless, it prevents some of the problems of scaling an d complexity, by clearly giving in each bundle of instructions information concerning their dependencies. This information is calculated by the compiler, as it would be in a VLIW design. The initial versions are also backward-compatible with existing x86 software by means of an on-chip emulation mode. Integer performance was not good and regardless of enhancements, sales in volume markets continue to be low. One of the earliest CPU was the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) in the year 1951 and the speed of this CPU was 0.0008 IPS (Instructions per second). As in year 2011, one of the fastest personal computer CPUs was the Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 3960X which has a staggering speed of 53.3 IPS. Compared to the early CPU like the UNIVAC I, the latest CPU is at least sixty-six times faster. (Mostafa, E. and Hesham. 2005) Conclusion for question 1 Central processing unit (CPU) is a very important component in a computer because it process instructions of a computer program by performing the simple arithmetical, logical, and input/output (I/O) operations of the system. That is why CPU also known as the brain of the computer. The CPU has rich in history since the year 1945 before the CPU term had been use and the design and implementation of the CPU had improved tremendously over the years, thus, becoming more powerful and efficient. CPU had been used in various type of computers, from personal computer to super computer. Introduction for question 2 Speaking of computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that moves data among elements within a computer, or between computers. Initial computer buses were parallel electrical wires with several connections, but the term is now applied for any physical layout that offers the similar logical functionality as a parallel electrical bus. Current computer buses can use both parallel as well as bit serial connections, and can be wired in either a multidrop (electrical parallel) or daisy chain topology, or linked by switched hubs, as in the case of USB. Buses function in units of cycles, messages and transactions. Talking about cycles, a message needs an amount of clock cycles to be delivered from sender to receiver through the bus. Speaking of messages, these are logical unit of information. For instance, a write message contains an address, control signals and the write data. Speaking of transactions, a transaction comprises of a sequence of messages which collectively form a transaction. For instance, a memory read needs a memory read message and a reply with the requested data. (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/bus.html 2007) Answer for question 2 Buses can be parallel buses, which transport data words in parallel on numerous wires, or serial buses, which transport data in bit-serial form. The addition of extra power and control connections, differential drivers, and data connections in every direction generally indicates that mojority serial buses have extra conductors than the minimum of one utilized in 1-Wire and UNI/O. As data rates raise, the issues of timing skew, power usage, electromagnetic interference and crosstalk across parallel buses turn into more and more hard to circumvent. One partial solution to this issue is to double pump the bus. Usually, a serial bus can be worked at greater overall data rates than a parallel bus, regardless of having less electrical connections, due to the fact a serial bus basically has no timing skew or crosstalk. USB, FireWire, and Serial ATA are the likes of this. Multidrop connections will not perform properly for fast serial buses, so most contemporary serial buses utilize daisy-ch ain or hub designs. Traditional computer buses were bundles of wire that linked computer memory and peripherals. Anecdotally termed the digit trunk, they were known as after electrical power buses, or busbars. Almost often, there was single bus for memory, and one or more independent buses for peripherals. These were accessed by separate instructions, with entirely different timings and protocols. (Null, L., Lobur, J. 2006) One of the initial complications was the utilization of interrupts. Early computer programs carry out I/O by holding out in a loop for the peripheral to become prepared. This was a waste of time for program that had other tasks to perform. Also, if the program tried to carry out those other tasks, it may take too long for the program to check again, causing a loss of data. Engineers therefore set up for the peripherals to interrupt the CPU. The interrupts had to be prioritized, simply because the CPU will only perform code for one peripheral at a time, and some systems are more crucial than others. (Lochan, R. and Panigrahy. 2010) High-end systems implemented the plan of channel controllers, which were primarily small computers committed to deal with the input and output of a given bus. IBM implemented these on the IBM 709 in 1958, and they became into a usual feature of their platforms. Other high-performance vendors like Control Data Corporation utilized identical designs. Commonly, the channel controllers would perform their very best to manage all of the bus operations internally, transferring data when the CPU was deemed to be busy elsewhere if likely, and only utilizing interrupts when necessary. This tremendously reduce CPU load, and allows outstanding all round system performance. To provide modularity, memory and I/O buses can be combined into a unified system bus. In this situation, a single mechanical and electrical system can be utilized to link together numerous of the system components, or in some instances, all of them. Later computer programs started to share memory common to some CPUs. Accessi ng to this memory bus needed to be prioritized, as well. The easy method to prioritize interrupts or bus access was with a daisy chain. In this scenario signals will normally pass through the bus in physical or logical order, eliminating of the need for complex scheduling. (Null, L., Lobur, J. 2006) A system bus is an independent computer bus that connects the primary components of a computer system. The method was created to cut down costs and boost modularity. It combines the functions of a data bus to transport information, an address bus to decide where it should be delivered, and a control bus to identify its function. Every mainboard has a set of wires running across it that interconnect all the devices and chips that are lugged into it. These wires are jointly known as bus. The amount of wires in the bus determines how wide the bus is. A data bus is a computer subsystem that enables for the transporting of data from one component to another on a motherboard or system board, or between two computers. This can involve transporting data to and from the memory, or from the central processing unit(CPU) to other components. Every one is made to manage a quantity bits of data at a time. The quantity of data a data bus can deal with is known as bandwidth. The data bus comprises o f 8, 16, or 32 parallel signal lines. The data bus lines are bidirectional. Numerous devices in a system will have their outputs linked to the data bus, but only one device at a time will have its outputs enabled. Any device linked on the data bus must have three-state outputs so that its outputs can be disabled when it is not getting utilized to put data on the bus. An address bus is a computer bus architecture function to transport data between devices that are known by the hardware address of the physical memory (the physical address), which is kept in the form of binary numbers to allow the data bus to access memory storage. The address bus is utilized by the CPU or a direct memory access (DMA) enabled device to find the physical address to convey read/write commands. All address busses are read and written by the CPU or DMA in the form of bits. An address bus is part of the system bus architecture, which was created to reduce costs and improve modular integration. (Ram, B. 2007 ) Nevertheless, majority of current computers use a wide range of single buses for certain tasks. An individual computer consists of a system bus, which links the main components of a computer system and has three primary elements, of which the address bus is one of them, together with the data bus and control bus. An address bus is gauge by the quantity of memory a system can access. A system with a 32-bit address bus can handle 4 gigabytes of memory space. More sophisticated computers utilize a 64-bit address bus with a supporting operating system able to deal with 16 gigabytes of memory locations, which is virtually infinite. A control bus is a computer bus that is utilized by the CPU to interact with devices that are contained inside the computer. This happens via physical connections such as cables or printed circuits. The CPU transfers a wide range of control signals to components and devices to transfer control signals to the CPU making use of the control bus. One of the primary goals of a bus is to reduce the lines that are required for communication. An individual bus enables communication among devices employing single data channel. The control bus is bidirectional and helps the CPU in synchronizing control signals to internal devices and external components. It is made up of interrupt lines, byte enable lines, read/write signals and status lines. Interaction between the CPU and control bus is required for operating an efficient and functional system. With the lack of control bus the CPU unable decide whether the system is obtaining or transmitting data. It is the control bus that manages which way the write and read information need to go. The control bus consists of a control line for write instructions and a control line for read instructions. When the CPU writes data to the main memory, it sends a signal to the write command line. The CPU also transmits a signal to the read command line when it requires to read. This signal allows the CPU to receive or transmit data from main memory. (Ram, B. 2007) Conclusion for question 2 Bus in computer architecture is a very important component in a computer. A bus is a subsystem that moves data among elements within a computer, or between computers. A system bus is an independent computer bus that connects the primary components of a computer system and this method was created to cut down costs and boost modularity. It combines the functions of a data bus to transport information, an address bus to decide where it should be delivered, and a control bus to identify its function. One of the primary goals of a bus is to reduce the lines that are required for communication.

What do you find to admire in the poetry of Christina Rossetti? :: English Literature

What do you find to admire in the poetry of Christina Rossetti? Christina Rossetti was born on the 5th December 1830 and died in 1894. She was an English poet and a devout High Anglican, from an Anglo - Italian background. She also was the sister of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, who was a famous artist. Christina Rossetti could be described as one of the 19th Century's 'great odd women.' Even though she did have a variety of poems, no one has said she was a 'great' poet; however, the reason why we are so interested in her is because she was writing poetry in Victorian England and middle - class women were not seen to have any power. The fact that she had even been writing poetry was very unusual, as most females had little rights at this time. Most of her poetry expresses unfulfilled spiritual yearning, frustrated love and the sadness that is spread through her poems may be due to unhappy love affairs in her youth, or to the ill health she constantly suffered. Some examples of this are, 'When I am deadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦' and 'After death.' These poems are obviously about death and her poems are sometimes optimistic and depressing. But simply by writing poetry at this time, she was making a statement about how a lot of women felt during this period. One of the things I admire in the poetry of Christina Rossetti is that she was very honest in what she wrote. She was not afraid to express personal thoughts; for example in 'A Birthday' she says, 'My heart is like a singing bird.' This is very dramatic as she normally writes about darker feelings. Christina Rossetti is also not afraid of dying as she has strong religious beliefs that echo through each poem. For example in 'Song', she expresses that in some way she is looking forward to death and she feels that when she dies she will be a peace. When she wrote her poems, most of them were very depressing but she did, from time, to time write about happiness; for example the poem, which I mentioned previously, 'A Birthday.' This poem is about happiness and feelings of love that inspire her. In it, she is very happy and she cannot describe how she feels enough. Another thing that I admire is that she had the ability to write in different poetic styles; ballads, sonnets and songs, among others. Ballads are a simple song and are very sentimental often with several verses, with the same beat and rhythm. 'Maude Clare' is an example of a Ballad.

Ingersoll Rand (a) Decision Sheet

Ingersoll-Rand (A) Problem Statement To decide the distribution channel to use for the Centac 200, the new 200 hp centrifugal air compressor. Whether the distribution be handled by the direct sales team or use the distributor/air centre channel. Also, the case highlights merits and demerits of each of the channels in detail. Decision Clabough should opt for the direct sales team channel. Rationale for Decision Experience – Historically, the centrifugal air compressors have been handled by the direct sales team only owing to their large hp size and technical expertise required. They have the required experience to sell centrifugals. * Competition – Also, the nearest potential competition to Centac 200 is from the Z series rotary compressor from Atlas-Copco’s which is being sold by distributors. So by opting to sell through the direct sales team, IR can avoid head-on competition and also completely differentiate a rotary from a centrifugal in the market. Expertise – Considering that it is the first medium centrifugal, the direct sales team is better positioned to supply the technical expertise. They have well established service capabilities. If IR chooses the distributor channel, it will have to incur additional costs(and time) on intense distributor training. * Attractiveness – May not be attractive to distributors owing to the very low spare part requirements in centrifugals. Apart from that, IR would not want the attention of distributors to be shifted from the smaller compressors, which form a big share of its total revenues. Recommendation In order to combat the risk of sales reps ignoring the Centac 200, IR may choose to offer higher sales commission to the direct sales team on Centac 200 sales. Also, the â€Å"Full Partner Program† can be extended to centrifugals too where the distributors earn commission on references made to the sale team, thereby also involving the distributors in the process.

Document

As it was mentioned that Mossier will use half of the proceeds from the sale to start a new fund to support socially minded entrepreneurship, and Bin will match his investment and continue the company's one-for-one shoe give away policy. The business has recently expanded beyond producing shoes, aware and coffee in Toms product lines- all with the same one for one theme. For every pair of eyeglasses purchased, Toms will help give sight to a person in need. For each bag of coffee beans sold a person will get clean water for a week.Tom's model is perfectly crafted for millennial consumers who wants to feel good about their purchases but needs a clear, simple and tangible means Of understanding the social purpose of the company through point-of-purchase marketing. Hence, it is evident that millennial are Toms' target demographic that are becoming social entrepreneurs in a big way too to make their own impact and for those who are with social missions, this development is a good step for ward to show that social entrepreneurship can do good and do well simultaneously. Document It is a pleasure to be here today and be part of such a distinguished panel. What I'd like to do in the time allotted is to share some thoughts on the influence of technology on learning in high schools. But first let me make clear what I'm talking about. The technology that is shaping our future and our children's is not, as many assume, the computer. These machines have been with us for decades and now, with their advanced multimedia capability, they deserve considerable credit for enhancing learning among people of all ages. But I propose that there is an even greater technology on the rise.I am speaking about the new and emerging forms of interactive communications, such as the Internet, that allow us to capitalize on our greatest learning resource -? the minds of people all over the globe. We are just beginning to experience the impact of this connection of people to people, and can only guess how transforming its effects will be in the coming years. I also contend, however, tha t if we make the right choices now, we can substantially change for the better how we and our children learn, and more important, how the young people of today and generations to come are taught to learn.To succeed at that task requires a concerted and coordinated effort -? a partnership if you will -? among our families, schools, youth organizations, and communities say that because I am mindful that technology itself is never the reason things change. Rather, it is how people choose to apply technology and whether they make wise decisions and address real needs that makes the difference in the long. There is a quote learned and here I quote: The real power of interactive communications is people as the ultimate source of knowledge.It is not the computers, the physical mass of wires, the complex of networks or the vast databases of information. Rather, it is people and their knowledge, relationships, insights, and spirit freely passed from one to another that engender the â€Å"ma gic† the Internet is making possible. Today, of this interconnected world that the fundamental question is whether we will share this â€Å"magic† with everyone , or only a privileged few. The answer depends on the decisions we aka and the actions we take from this moment on.We must come to understand that access to the Internet needs to be a reality for all our citizens, that the free and unrestricted flow of information and the ready availability of computers for everyone are not simply matters of â€Å"technology. † They are, in fact, one of the vital keys that will either open or lock the doors of opportunity for our children and ourselves. It is within our power to determine whether this generation is to experience the rewards of silverberry, a higher quality of fife, and a renewed sense of community that derive from an interactive sharing of information and knowledge.If we make that leap, and ensure that every citizen has access to the Internet and the chan ce to learn the skills to apply these new technologies for personal advancement as well as the common good, America will make a successful transition to the millennium. If we fail, We may leave a legacy smaller than Our own inheritance. We can get Involved with the New Technologies. Make it a priority. I imagine that getting access to networked computers and finding opportunities for practice and training on the Internet may not be easy for many of you.Investigate local community centers, nonprofit organizations, even corporations, who sometimes make space and courses available to the public. Or you might consider buying a recycled computer. Ask around. But don't give up. Because once you have experienced what I'm talking about -? instant access to information you can use and people with shared interests you'll begin to understand the power of this communications revolution. My friends experience demonstrate to me that, the Internet is a rueful tool for invigorating real communities , not just for building virtual ones.Charlotte Web's success in using communications technology to enrich the lives of an entire region, including the undeserved, so that everyone can participate more fully in community life, should inspire other cities and regions to embark on similar ventures. As a bright woman once told us, we need to ensure our children a head start in a difficult and forbidding world. Document The concert was phenomenal. I was an amazed by how Dry. Cure Ragman skills at playing the piano very agile as if he has been playing all his life. He played pieces by List, Suck, Rachmaninoff, and Chopin. Dry. Ragman played with an allegro style of playing in my opinion even when he had to stop playing in the beginning a note cause he sensed one of the microphones wasn't on.The first piece of music he played had an allegro tempo than slow turned and had a allegretto tempo to the piece he played by Franz List called Transcendental Statutes Harmonies du coir (Evening Harmonies). After the first performance Dry. Ragman thanked us for being a good audience. Spring by Josef suck started with a cheerful melody more relaxing as it started with an adagio tempo. Document The concert was phenomenal. I was an amazed by how Dry. Cure Ragman skills at playing the piano very agile as if he has been playing all his life. He played pieces by List, Suck, Rachmaninoff, and Chopin. Dry. Ragman played with an allegro style of playing in my opinion even when he had to stop playing in the beginning a note cause he sensed one of the microphones wasn't on.The first piece of music he played had an allegro tempo than slow turned and had a allegretto tempo to the piece he played by Franz List called Transcendental Statutes Harmonies du coir (Evening Harmonies). After the first performance Dry. Ragman thanked us for being a good audience. Spring by Josef suck started with a cheerful melody more relaxing as it started with an adagio tempo.

Augustinian Theodicy and Irenaean Theodicy Essay

The problem of evil is a significant and enduring philosophical and theological debate. A question is often raised and discussed: if God is both all-loving and all-powerful, then how can evils-including natural evil and moral evil—exist in our world? In response to the charge that the evils of the world are incompatible with God’s omnipotence and perfect goodness, the word†theodicy† is coined to deal with the problem of evil. Usually it is an attempt to show that it is possible to affirm the omnipotence of God, the love of God, and the reality of evil without contradiction. Two of the most well-known and most frequently discussed theodicies are the Augustinian theodicy and the Irenaean theodicy. The Augustinian theodicy was constructed by Saint Augustine (345-430 AD) and is the main traditional Christian response to the problem of evil. The Augustinian Theodicy holds the view that because God is perfect, the world was created free of imperfections. God cannot be blamed for evil and suffering since God didn’t create them, on the contrary, evil comes from angels and humans who act less than perfectly and choose through free will to sin and disobey God. Natural evil is an appropriate punishment because humanity destroyed the natural order, we have all sinned so we all deserve to be punished. Quite different from the Augustinian theodicy, the Irenaean theodicy which was created by Saint Irenaeas (130-202 AD) and later developed by John Hicks and Richard Swinburne doesn’t see the world as created all-good and describes an almost opposite process compared with the Augustinian theodicy. It holds that humans were initially created as immature and imperfect beings; they were created in the image of God, but not His likeness. Mankind’s goal is to achieve that likeness. Such perfection and likeness of God cannot be ready-made, it can only be developed through free will choices, and we can only become moral and develop through making moral judgments. Natural evil has to be created in order to help man progress. According to Irenaean theodicy, the suffering of the world will be justified with the reward of heaven, and this is a heaven for all, everybody will go to heaven by achieving the likeness of God. The following passages are mainly devoted to the discussion of the distinctions between the Augustinian theodicy and the Irenaean theodicy. First, the different theories of evil are where a foremost and drastic distinction emerges. In the Augustinian theodicy, the main philosophical position is the idea of the negative or privative nature of evil. Evil here is seen as a matter of privation-in each created being, evil is that which deprives it of the particular form or purpose which is natural to it. In other words, evil is not substance, not a â€Å"thing†, but a privation of good, an absence of good and a falling away from good. It always consists of the malfunctioning of something that is in itself good. For example, shadow is not a proliferation of darkness, but an absence of light. Since evil is a lack of something, it is not something that was created by God, but comes from angels and humans who act less than perfectly. When human being’s free will abandons what is above itself and turns to what is lower, it becomes evil. So human beings are totally responsible for evil because evil is the result of hu man error. In the Irenaean theodicy, however, evil plays an important role in the gradual creation of a perfected humanity through life in a highly imperfect world. Then a question â€Å"Why can’t God just create us as perfect as in Augustinian theodicy?† is raised. To this question, John Hick gave a fully and vivid explanation in his book Philosophy of Religion. He cleverly points out: if the world were a paradise from which all possibility of pain and suffering were excluded, then the consequences would be very far-reaching, nothing bad, nothing suffering would exist in this world, no one could ever be injured by accident, people could do anything immoral they want without hurting other people†¦ As a result, in a world free of real dangers, difficulties, problems, obstacles, there will be no meaning for the real good qualities as generosity, kindness, love, prudenceetc to exist. God had to allow the possibility of evil, because if there were no such possibility man would not be free to choose good over evil. If there were no evil and suffering humans would always follow God’s law because there would be no difficulties in doing so. The evils in this world are required by a God of love who seeks the development of his free creatures from their original innocence into fully mature spiritual beings. In other words, we human beings learn to be morally mature enough to grow closer to God. Evil can lead us to the final goodness and perfection. In this regard, God is partly  responsible for the evil in the world. Second, Augustine sticks close to the biblical text, whereas Irenaeus ties his theory less to the biblical text. As the more authentically biblical view, the Augustinian theodicy is based on the Bible and does not contradict the scriptures; it follows the traditional Christian interpretation of the creation story in the Genesis: God creates the world perfectly in six days, Adam and Eve—-the ancestors of human beings—live in the Garden of Eden happily, until one day Eve is tempted by a serpent and eats the forbidden fruits and is finally driven out of the Paradise. By eating the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil Eve commits the first sin. Augustine’s theodicy could be seen as consistent with this interpretation of the text. Moreover, he uses other Biblical ideas of God, and defends the perfection of God by maintaining that evil is a privation and not a substance, and that evil comes from human sinfulness. Humans deserve the consequences of natural evil and they are responsible for their own suffering through abuse of their own free will. The Irenaeus theodicy, on the contrary, is not compatible with biblical teaching. As a matter of fact, it is in many ways just the opposite of the interpretation of the Bible by claiming that God is partially responsible for evils. Third, in comparison to the Augustinian theodicy being a â€Å"Soul deciding† theodicy, the Irenaean theodicy is a â€Å"Soul making† theodicy. â€Å"Soul deciding† means that different consequences come as a result of the free will of human beings. So if a person chooses to do a morally wrong act a consequence will follow. A â€Å"soul making† theodicy is applied by irenaeus, which means to move from the state of imperfection through moral struggle toward eventual completed humanization. Besides the distinctions mentioned in the above passages, the Augustinian theodicy and Irenaean theodicy are often compared by people in many other aspects. For instance, Augustine leaves some people a long way from God whereas Irenaeus explains how everyone can reach heaven through moral struggle; for Augustine God is remote from man, having been distanced by his sin whereas for Irenaeus, as we make this progress we grow closer to God, reducing the epistemic distance between us and God; the Augustine’s theodicy is often thought of as a pessimistic and â€Å"tragic†Ã‚  theodicy whereas the Irenaean theodicy is generally conceived as a â€Å"comic† theodicy as is more positive and optimistic. Not surprisingly, the two theodicies also have some similarities, the most common one is that both of them trace evil back to human free will: for Augustine it is the reason why angels and human beings fall from the ultimate goodness of heaven, and what they use to disobey God, but for Irenaeus it is a part of God’s plan because it allows self-development, people also use this free will to disobey God and it causes suffering, but this suffering can help them to develop their character in order to choose to embrace goodness or evil. In conclusion, the Augustinian theodicy and the Irenaean theodicy are two sharply contrasted theodicies: the Augustinian theodicy which is also known as the â€Å"soul deciding† theodicy, stresses the role of the Fall, and sees evil as either sin or the result of sin; whereas the Irenaean theodicy, which regards evil as a requirement by a God of love to let his free creatures to develop from their original innocence into fully mature spiritual beings. Thus, our world becomes â€Å"the vale of soul-making†. Since the day of their births, the two theodicies have respectively received many praises as well as criticisms and challenges. Many deficiencies are found in both of the two theodicies. As a matter of fact, the problem of evil, far from being solved, is still open to discussion. References Day, Elizabeth. â€Å"Geneticist claims to have found’God gene’ in humans.† The Washington TimesWorld. 15 Nov 2004. Copyright 2004 News WorldCommunications, Inc. Hick, John. â€Å"An Irenaean Theodicy.† A John HickReader. Ed. Paul Badham. Philadelphia:Trinity Press International, 1990. 88-105. Ridley, Matt. Genome. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers, 2000